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Bermuda II was a bilateral air transport agreement between the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States signed on 23 July 1977 as a renegotiation of the original 1946 Bermuda air services agreement.〔(''Bermuda 2 initialled'', Air Transport, Flight International, 2 July 1977, p. 5 )〕〔(''Bermuda 2 initialled'', Air Transport, Flight International, 2 July 1977, p. 6 )〕〔(''Bermuda 2: signed and sealed ...'', Air Transport, Flight International, 23 July 1977, p. 254 )〕 A new "open skies" agreement was signed by the United States and the European Union (EU) (of which the United Kingdom is part) on 30 April 2007 and came into effect on 30 March 2008, thus replacing Bermuda II.〔(US and EU agree 'single market' (BBC News > World > Europe), 30 April 2007 )〕 The original 1946 Bermuda agreement took its name from the island where UK and US transport officials met to negotiate a new, inter-governmental air services agreement between Britain and the United States. That agreement, which was highly restrictive at the insistence of the British negotiators who feared that "giving in" to US demands for a "free-for-all" would lead to the then financially and operationally superior US airlines' total domination of the global air transport industry, was the world's first bilateral air services agreement. It became a blueprint for all subsequent air services agreements. Bermuda II was revised several times since its signing, most recently in 1995.〔(''Bermuda 2 revisions create 12 new US gateways and agreement on Gatwick'', Air Transport, Flight International, 15 March 1980, p. 825 )〕 Although Bermuda II was much less restrictive than the original Bermuda agreement it replaced, it was widely regarded as a highly restrictive agreement that contrasted with the principle of "open skies" against the background of continuing liberalization of the legal framework governing the air transport industry in various parts of the world. ==Historical background== In July 1976, Edmund Dell, the then new UK Secretary of State for Trade, renounced the original Bermuda Agreement of 1946 and initiated bilateral negotiations with his US counterparts on a new air services agreement, which resulted in the Bermuda II treaty of 1977.〔(''Britain to end Bermuda Agreement'', Air Transport, Flight International, 3 July 1976, p. 4 )〕 The reason for this was that there was no provision in the original 1946 Bermuda agreement that would have allowed British Caledonian (BCal), then the UK's foremost wholly privately owned, independent international scheduled airline, to use the licences the UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) had awarded it in 1972 to begin daily scheduled services from its London Gatwick base to Houston and Atlanta. (These cities were not nominated as "gateway cities" in the original Bermuda agreement.) In addition, there was no provision in the original Bermuda agreement that would have allowed Laker Airways to use the licence the UK's Air Transport Licensing Board (ATLB), the CAA's predecessor, had awarded it the same year to commence a daily "Skytrain" operation between London Stansted and New York. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bermuda II Agreement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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